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Preface .............................................................................................. 13
About the Book .......................................................................................... 13
C# and .NET Framework .............................................................................. 17
How То Read This Book? .............................................................................. 22
Why Are Data Structures and Algorithms Emphasized? ...................................... 25
Do You Really Want to Become a Programmer?................................................ 26
A Look at the Book’s Contents ...................................................................... 29
History: How Did This Book Come to Be? ........................................................ 38
Authors and Contributors ............................................................................. 40
The Book Is Free of Charge! ......................................................................... 53
Reviews .................................................................................................... 53
License ..................................................................................................... 63
Resources Coming with the Book ................................................................... 65
Chapter 1. Introduction to Programming .......................................... 69
In This Chapter .......................................................................................... 69
What Does It Mean "To Program"? ................................................................. 69
Stages in Software Development ................................................................... 71
Our First C# Program .................................................................................. 75
The C# Language and the .NET Platform ........................................................ 79
Visual Studio IDE ........................................................................................ 93
Alternatives to Visual Studio ....................................................................... 104
Decompiling Code ..................................................................................... 104
C# in Linux, iOS and Android ...................................................................... 107
Other .NET Languages ............................................................................... 107
Exercises................................................................................................. 108
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 108
Chapter 2. Primitive Types and Variables ........................................ 111
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 111
What Is a Variable? ................................................................................... 111
Data Types .............................................................................................. 111
Variables ................................................................................................. 123
Value and Reference Types ........................................................................ 128
Literals ................................................................................................... 131 Exercises................................................................................................. 135
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 136
Chapter 3. Operators and Expressions............................................. 139
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 139
Operators ................................................................................................ 139
Type Conversion and Casting ...................................................................... 152
Expressions ............................................................................................. 158
Exercises................................................................................................. 160
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 161
Chapter 4. Console Input and Output .............................................. 165
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 165
What Is the Console? ................................................................................ 165
Standard Input-Output .............................................................................. 169
Printing to the Console .............................................................................. 169
Console Input .......................................................................................... 183
Console Input and Output – Examples .......................................................... 190
Exercises................................................................................................. 192
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 193
Chapter 5. Conditional Statements .................................................. 195
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 195
Comparison Operators and Boolean Expressions ............................................ 195
Conditional Statements "if" and "if-else" ....................................................... 200
Conditional Statement "switch-case" ............................................................ 206
Exercises................................................................................................. 208
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 209
Chapter 6. Loops ............................................................................. 211
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 211
What Is a "Loop"? ..................................................................................... 211
While Loops ............................................................................................. 211
Do-While Loops ........................................................................................ 216
For Loops ................................................................................................ 221
Foreach Loops .......................................................................................... 225
Nested Loops ........................................................................................... 226
Exercises................................................................................................. 231
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 233
Chapter 7. Arrays ............................................................................ 235
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 235
What Is an "Array"? .................................................................................. 235
Declaration and Allocation of Memory for Arrays ............................................ 235
Access to the Elements of an Array .............................................................. 238
Reading an Array from the Console .............................................................. 241
Printing an Array to the Console .................................................................. 243
Iteration through Elements of an Array......................................................... 244
Multidimensional Arrays ............................................................................. 246
Arrays of Arrays ....................................................................................... 253
Exercises................................................................................................. 257
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 259
Chapter 8. Numeral Systems ........................................................... 265
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 265
History in a Nutshell .................................................................................. 265
Numeral Systems ..................................................................................... 266
Representation of Numbers ........................................................................ 276
Exercises................................................................................................. 289
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 290
Chapter 9. Methods ......................................................................... 293
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 293
Subroutines in Programming ...................................................................... 293
What Is a "Method"? ................................................................................. 293
Why to Use Methods? ................................................................................ 294
How to Declare, Implement and Invoke a Method? ......................................... 295
Declaring Our Own Method ......................................................................... 295
Implementation (Creation) of Own Method .................................................... 300
Invoking a Method .................................................................................... 301
Parameters in Methods .............................................................................. 303
Returning a Result from a Method ............................................................... 328
Best Practices when Using Methods.............................................................. 345
Exercises................................................................................................. 347
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 348
Chapter 10. Recursion ..................................................................... 351
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 351
What Is Recursion? ................................................................................... 351
Example of Recursion ................................................................................ 351
Direct and Indirect Recursion ...................................................................... 352
Bottom of Recursion .................................................................................. 352
Creating Recursive Methods ....................................................................... 352
Recursive Calculation of Factorial ................................................................ 353
Recursion or Iteration? .............................................................................. 355
Simulation of N Nested Loops ..................................................................... 356
Which is Better: Recursion or Iteration?........................................................ 362
Using Recursion – Conclusions .................................................................... 378
Exercises................................................................................................. 378
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 380
Chapter 11. Creating and Using Objects .......................................... 385
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 385
Classes and Objects .................................................................................. 385
Classes in C# ........................................................................................... 387
Creating and Using Objects ........................................................................ 390
Namespaces ............................................................................................ 405
Exercises................................................................................................. 410
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 412
Chapter 12. Exception Handling ...................................................... 415
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 415
What Is an Exception? ............................................................................... 415
Exceptions Hierarchy ................................................................................. 424
Throwing and Catching Exceptions ............................................................... 426
The try-finally Construct ............................................................................ 432
IDisposable and the "using" Statement ......................................................... 437
Advantages of Using Exceptions .................................................................. 439
Best Practices when Using Exceptions .......................................................... 445
Exercises................................................................................................. 453
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 454
Chapter 13. Strings and Text Processing ......................................... 457
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 457
Strings.................................................................................................... 457
Strings Operations .................................................................................... 462
Constructing Strings: the StringBuilder Class ................................................. 480
String Formatting ..................................................................................... 488
Exercises................................................................................................. 491
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 496
Chapter 14. Defining Classes ........................................................... 499
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 499
Custom Classes ........................................................................................ 499
Usage of Class and Objects ........................................................................ 502
Organizing Classes in Files and Namespaces .................................................. 505
Modifiers and Access Levels (Visibility) ......................................................... 508
Declaring Classes ..................................................................................... 509
The Reserved Word "this" .......................................................................... 511
Fields ..................................................................................................... 512
Methods .................................................................................................. 518
Accessing Non-Static Data of the Class ......................................................... 519
Hiding Fields with Local Variables ................................................................ 522
Visibility of Fields and Methods.................................................................... 524
Constructors ............................................................................................ 531
Properties ............................................................................................... 549
Static Classes and Static Members ............................................................... 559
Structures ............................................................................................... 580
Enumerations .......................................................................................... 584
Inner Classes (Nested Classes) ................................................................... 590
Generics ................................................................................................. 594
Exercises................................................................................................. 610
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 613
Chapter 15. Text Files...................................................................... 615
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 615
Streams .................................................................................................. 615
Reading from a Text File ............................................................................ 620
Writing to a Text File ................................................................................. 628
Input / Output Exception Handling ............................................................... 630
Text Files – More Examples ........................................................................ 631
Exercises................................................................................................. 636
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 638
Chapter 16. Linear Data Structures ................................................. 641
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 641
Abstract Data Structures ............................................................................ 641
List Data Structures .................................................................................. 642
Exercises................................................................................................. 676
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 678
Chapter 17. Trees and Graphs ......................................................... 681
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 681
Tree Data Structures ................................................................................. 681
Trees ...................................................................................................... 681
Graphs ................................................................................................... 714
Exercises................................................................................................. 722
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 723
Chapter 18. Dictionaries, Hash-Tables and Sets .............................. 727
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 727
Dictionary Data Structure........................................................................... 727
Hash-Tables ............................................................................................ 735
The "Set" Data Structure ........................................................................... 760
Exercises................................................................................................. 765
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 767
Chapter 19. Data Structures and Algorithm Complexity .................. 769
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 769
Why Are Data Structures So Important? ....................................................... 769
Algorithm Complexity ................................................................................ 770
Comparison between Basic Data Structures ................................................... 779
When to Use a Particular Data Structure? ..................................................... 779
Choosing a Data Structure – Examples ......................................................... 786
External Libraries with .NET Collections ........................................................ 801
Exercises................................................................................................. 803
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 804
Chapter 20. Object-Oriented Programming Principles ..................... 807
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 807
Let’s Review: Classes and Objects ............................................................... 807
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) ........................................................... 807
Fundamental Principles of OOP .................................................................... 808
Inheritance .............................................................................................. 809
Abstraction .............................................................................................. 824
Encapsulation .......................................................................................... 828
Polymorphism .......................................................................................... 830
Cohesion and Coupling .............................................................................. 836
Object-Oriented Modeling (OOM) ................................................................. 842
UML Notation ........................................................................................... 844
Design Patterns ........................................................................................ 847
Exercises................................................................................................. 851
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 852
Chapter 21. High-Quality Programming Code .................................. 853
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 853
Why Is Code Quality Important? ................................................................. 853
What Does Quality Programming Code Mean? ................................................ 854
Why Should We Write Quality Code? ............................................................ 854
Identifier Naming ..................................................................................... 857
Code Formatting ....................................................................................... 866
High-Quality Classes ................................................................................. 874
High-Quality Methods ................................................................................ 878
Proper Use of Variables .............................................................................. 883
Proper Use of Expressions .......................................................................... 890
Use of Constants ...................................................................................... 891
Proper Use of Control Flow Statements ......................................................... 894
Defensive Programming ............................................................................. 898
Code Documentation ................................................................................. 900
Code Refactoring ...................................................................................... 904
Unit Testing ............................................................................................. 905
Additional Resources ................................................................................. 912
Exercises................................................................................................. 912
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 913
Chapter 22. Lambda Expressions and LINQ ..................................... 915
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 915
Extension Methods .................................................................................... 915
Anonymous Types .................................................................................... 918
Lambda Expressions.................................................................................. 920
LINQ Queries ........................................................................................... 924
Nested LINQ Queries ................................................................................. 930
LINQ Performance .................................................................................... 930
Exercises................................................................................................. 933
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 933
Chapter 23. Methodology of Problem Solving .................................. 935
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 935
Basic Principles of Solving Computer Programming Problems ........................... 935
Use Pen and Paper .................................................................................... 936
Generate Ideas and Give Them a Try! .......................................................... 937
Decompose the Task into Smaller Subtasks ................................................... 938
Verify Your Ideas! ..................................................................................... 941
If a Problem Occurs, Invent a New Idea! ...................................................... 943
Choose Appropriate Data Structures! ........................................................... 946
Think about the Efficiency! ......................................................................... 950
Implement Your Algorithm! ........................................................................ 953
Write the Code Step by Step! ..................................................................... 954
Test Your Solution! ................................................................................... 967
General Conclusions .................................................................................. 979
Exercises................................................................................................. 980
Solutions and Guidelines ............................................................................ 983
Chapter 24. Sample Programming Exam – Topic #1 ........................ 985
In This Chapter ........................................................................................ 985
Problem 1: Extract Text from HTML Document ............................................... 985
Problem 2: Escape from Labyrinth ............................................................. 1012
Problem 3: Store for Car Parts .................................................................. 1026
Exercises............................................................................................... 1038
Solutions and Guidelines .......................................................................... 1040
Chapter 25. Sample Programming Exam – Topic #2 ...................... 1041
In This Chapter ...................................................................................... 1041
Problem 1: Counting the Uppercase / Lowercase Words in a Text .................... 1041
Problem 2: A Matrix of Prime Numbers ....................................................... 1054
Problem 3: Evaluate an Arithmetic Expression ............................................. 1060
Exercises............................................................................................... 1069
Solutions and Guidelines .......................................................................... 1069
Chapter 26. Sample Programming Exam – Topic #3 ...................... 1071
In This Chapter ...................................................................................... 1071
Problem 1: Spiral Matrix .......................................................................... 1071
Problem 2: Counting Words in a Text File ................................................... 1078
Problem 3: School .................................................................................. 1099 Exercises............................................................................................... 1117
Solutions and Guidelines .......................................................................... 1118
Conclusion ..................................................................................... 1119
Did You Solve All Problems? ..................................................................... 1119
Have You Encountered Difficulties with the Exercises? ................................... 1119
How Do You Proceed After Reading the Book? ............................................. 1120
Free Courses at Telerik Software Academy .................................................. 1121
Good Luck to Everyone! ........................................................................... 1121

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